Before & After Image Manipulation

Example 1

This image, when compared highlights some of the models blemishes and wrinkles however if the before image was just shown, they would be barely visible. 
The tools that have probably been used here are the spot healing brush to quickly remove those unneeded blemishes. Also the clone tool may have been used to replace a part of the face/body with an other section to hide a feature.
When studying the ethics of this, it is providing  a negative outlook as it is openly suggesting that young women need to have pure and beautiful skin in order to be a success.

This manipulation (right) is a good example I could study for my coursework. The before presents a girl standing in the center of the foreground with a fairly boring atmosphere for the background. 
The designer who has manipulated this photo has most probably used the polygonal lasso tool to cut out the girl in the center allowing removal of that boring background.
In order for the girl to match the background colouring, a colour correction tool would have been used to create a more realistic effect between the foreground and the background creating a non-artificial look.

The final image I have chosen to analyse is this soldier. Before the manipulation has been taken place the character lack lighting and is just shown with basic props.
Once the image had been opened in photo manipulation software, the use of cut and paste has bee used to apply the fake tattoos to the characters arms. In reference to photo number 2 (above), colour correction has again been used to allow the character to be brighter and much more vibrant. 
The use of the stripes across his body gain the image more kinetic energy making it alive and more exciting.